Karate
Karate (空手) (/kəˈrɑːtiː/; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɽate] (
listen)) is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu
listen)) is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu
Islands in what is now Okinawa, Japan. It was developed partially from the indigenous martial arts of
Ryukyu Islands (called te (手), literally "hand"; tii in Okinawan) and from Chinese kenpo.[1][2] Karate
is a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikes, elbow strikes and open hand techniques such
as knife-hands, spear-hands, and palm-heel strikes. In some styles, grappling, throws, joint locks,
restraints, and vital point strikes are also taught.[3] A karate practitioner is called a karateka (空手家).
Karate was developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It was brought to the Japanese mainland in the early
20th century during a time of cultural exchanges between the Japanese and the Ryukyuans. It was
systematically taught in Japan after the Taisho era.[4] In 1922 the Japanese Ministry of Education
invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demonstration. In 1924 Keio University
established the first university karate club in Japan and by 1932, major Japanese universities
had karate clubs.[5]
In this era of escalating Japanese militarism,[6] the name was changed from 唐手
("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand"
)[7] to 空手 ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced karate – to indicate that
the Japanese wished to develop
the combat form in Japanese style.[8] After the Second World War, Okinawa became an important
United States military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed there.[9]
The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatly increase the popularity of
martial arts
around the world, and in English the word karate began to be used in a generic way to refer
to all striking-based
Orientalmartial arts.[10] Karate schools began appearing across the world, catering to those
with casual interest as well as those seeking a deeper study of the art.
Shigeru Egami, Chief Instructor of Shotokan Dojo, opined "that the majority of followers of karate
in overseas countries pursue karate only for its fighting techniques ... Movies and television .
.. depict karate as a mysterious
way of fighting capable of causing death or injury with a single blow ... the mass media present
a pseudo art far from the real thing."[11] Shoshin Nagamine said "Karate may be considered as the conflict
within oneself or as a life-long marathon which can be won only through self-discipline, hard training and one's
own creative efforts."[12]
For many practitioners, karate is a deeply philosophical practice. Karate-do teaches ethical principles and can
have spiritual significance to its adherents. Gichin Funakoshi ("Father of Modern Karate") titled his
autobiographyKarate-Do: My Way of Life in recognition of the transforming nature of karate study.
Today karate is practiced for self-perfection, for cultural reasons, for self-defense and as a sport.
In 2009, in the 121th IOC (International Olympic Committee) voting, karate did not receive the
necessary two-thirds majority vote to become an Olympic sport.[13] Karate was being considered for
the 2020 Games[14]—however, at a meeting of the IOC's executive board, held in Russia on May 29,
2013, it was decided that karate (along with wushu and several other non-martial arts) would not be
considered for inclusion in 2020 at the IOC's 125th session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in September 2013.[15]
Web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs) claims there are 50 million karate
practitioners worldwide[16] while the WKF claims there are 100 million practitioners around the world.[17]
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